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Archive for 1996

Skeptical Briefs: World Skeptics Congress Draws Over 1200 Participants

Sep-01-1006
World Skeptics Congress Draws Over 1200 Participants
Skeptical Briefs Volume 6.3, September 1996
Tom Flynn with Tim Gorski

[Original article here]

Amherst, N.Y. — More than twelve hundred skeptics representing some twenty-four countries flocked here for the “twentieth birthday party” of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) on June 20-23. The First World Skeptics Congress was held at the State University of New York at Buffalo’s Amherst Campus and at the nearby Center for Inquiry, world headquarters of CSICOP. Titled “Science in the Age of (Mis)Information,” the congress probed the role of the media in promoting scientific illiteracy and contributing to the spread of pseudoscientific beliefs.The events began on Thursday, June 20, with a press conference that drew a record media turnout. It was there that conference organizer Paul Kurtz, chair of CSICOP, Kendrick Frazier, editor of Skeptical Inquirer, and many others presented examples of the media’s pandering to pseudoscience. Kurtz announced the formation of CSICOP’s Council for Media Integrity, a new watchdog group that will monitor and respond to media mishandling of the paranormal. “The media have now virtually replaced the schools, colleges, and universities as the main source of information for the general public,” said Kurtz, according to press reports. “If you look at these shows, Unsolved Mysteries, Sightings — there are a whole slew of them — they make it seem as if what they’re portraying is real. Yet they don’t provide any scientific evidence.” Kurtz called for either allowing a fair chance for the rebuttal of questionable material or presenting it as fiction.

CSICOP fellow Joe Nickell also made comments that were picked up by the media. With respect to claims of UFO abductions, he was quoted by Ulysses Torassa of the Religious News Service as saying, “I’m now encountering children who believe that they might be abducted by extraterrestrials.” Also quoted by Torassa was Australian skeptic and TV moderator Phillip Adams, who pointed out, “We are seeing a new delivery system for pathological states of mind.”

The congress itself opened formally with remarks by Erie County (New York) Executive Dennis Gorski and a performance of selected movements from Gustav Holst’s The Planets by the Buffalo Philharmonic Ensemble. This performance was accompanied by a special video production based on NASA images of the planets, for which the suite’s movements are named, refocusing The Planets from the composer’s original astrological conception of the work.

Milton Rosenberg, Professor of Psychology at the University of Chicago and longtime radio moderator, chaired the meeting’s first plenary session, “The Role of the Mass Media in (Mis)Informing the Public.” Panelists included George Gerbner, Professor of Communications at the University of Pennsylvania; Piero Angela, Italian TV journalist; Phillip Adams, Australian columnist and TV moderator; and John Allen Paulos, Temple University Professor of Mathematics and author of Innumeracy. Nationally known radio commentator on medical subjects Dr. Dean Edell also participated by live radio feed as part of his syndicated radio show which airs on several hundred stations. In what was perhaps the congress’s only misstep, one of the panelists onstage mistook Edell’s scheduled participation as an interruption in the program and criticized Edell for disturbing the proceedings. The error was redressed minutes later when Paul Kurtz appeared on Edell’s program by telephone for about six minutes clarifying what had happened and outlining CSICOP’s call for heightened media responsibility, a call which Edell himself has long advocated.

The Conference Address, “A Strategy for Saving Science,” was delivered Thursday evening by Leon Lederman, Nobel laureate in physics and Director Emeritus of Fermilab.

The congress resumed Friday with a plenary session entitled “The Growth of Anti-Science,” chaired by John Maddox, former editor of Nature. The participants included Paul R. Gross, director of the Center for Advanced Studies; Norman Levitt, Professor of Mathematics at Rutgers University; Susan Haack, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Miami; and Victor Stenger, Professor of Physics at the University of Hawaii.

frazier-carter

Skeptical Inquirer editor Ken Frazier and X-Files creator Chris Carter.

A luncheon address was given by Chris Carter, creator of the Fox TV series The X-Files. Carter defended his series against critics who say he promotes paranormal beliefs. He claimed that the series is meant solely to entertain and should actually heighten, rather than dull, viewers’ skepticism. But at least some congress participants doubted such an optimistic assessment of the program’s effects.

The afternoon was devoted to concurrent sessions. One session was on UFOlogy, given by Philip J. Klass, James McGaha, and Robert Sheaffer. Another program dealing with astrology was given by Cornelis de Jager, J.W. Nienhuys, and Ivan Kelly, while homeopathy was considered by Wim Betz and James “The Amazing” Randi. Vern Bullough, Bela Scheiber, and Dale Beyerstein examined therapeutic touch. Prominent anti-health-fraud activist and author Dr. Stephen Barrett discussed chiropractic. And National Center for Science Education Executive Director Eugenie Scott and Professor of Anthropology H. James Birx looked at the evolution/creationism controversy.

The Keynote Address was given by Harvard University paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould, who drew (according to one local media estimate) some two thousand persons to an illustrated lecture on Darwin, evolutionary theory, and the role of skepticism in forming and evaluating hypotheses.

Saturday opened with a plenary session titled “Parapsychology: Recent Developments.” This session was chaired by James Alcock, Professor of Psychology at York University in Canada, and featured: Ray Hyman, University of Oregon Professor of Psychology; Richard Wiseman, University of Hertfordshire (U.K.) Professor of Psychology; Jessica Utts, University of California-Davis Professor of Statistics; and Stanley Jeffers, York University Professor of Physics and Astronomy. The focal point of this session was the disagreement over interpretation of laboratory studies of parapsychology by Hyman and Utts, who had come to contradictory conclusions after analyzing data from the U.S. government’s Stargate project. Utts believes that meta-analysis has clearly proven the existence of some sort of cognitive anomaly such as psi, so that further research should be aimed at probing its nature rather than multiplying efforts to establish its existence. Hyman believes that the existing studies are generally so flawed that they do not constitute proof of any anomaly, so that the existence of psi remains a very open question and one clouded by more than a century of laboratory failures to isolate a replicable psychic phenomenon.

John Maddox, emeritus editor of Nature, spoke on the importance of the scientific method at a gala luncheon at The Center for Inquiry, located across the street from the State University of New York at Buffalo’s Amherst Campus.

Saturday’s concurrent sessions included “Mechanisms of Self-Deception” by Barry Beyerstein, Thomas Gilovich, and John Schumaker; “Alternative Health Cures” with Jack Raso and Wallace Sampson; “Philosophy and Pseudoscience” with Paul Kurtz, Daisie M. Radner, Lewis Vaughn, Theodore Schick, and Tim Trachet; “Psychoanalytic Therapy and Theory After 100 Years” with Adolf Grunbaum; “Critical Thinking in Education” with John Kearns, Clyde Herreid, Lee Nisbet, Carol Tavris, and John Corcoran; “Spiritualism and the University at Buffalo Expose” with Joe Nickell and Gordon Stein; and “The Paranormal in China” with Chinese skeptics Madame Shen Zhenyu, Lin Zixin, Sima Nan, Zu Shu-Xian, and Guo Zhenyi.

The last two of the above-mentioned sessions were of special interest. For as it happens the University of Buffalo (UB), a precursor of SUNY at Buffalo, was celebrating its 150th anniversary during the congress, and one of the first “extracurricular” activities undertaken by UB faculty a century and a half ago was one of the earliest scientific examinations of the Fox Sisters, three young women whose floor-tapping activities launched nineteenth-century spiritualism. The UB investigators succeeded in partially unmasking the Fox Sisters’ fakery, an expose which was, tragically, insufficiently noted at the time. In later life, the sisters themselves confessed to having been frauds.

The session on paranormalism in China, meanwhile, represents the latest fruit of a long and productive relationship between CSICOP and pro-scientific persons and organizations inside mainland China. The session also included a report by members of the CSICOP delegation to China, which recently returned from an expedition of fact-finding and investigation of Chinese paranormal claims.

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Stephen Jay Gould accepts the CSICOP “Isaac Asimov Award” from new CSICOP Executive Council Member Eugenie Scott.

lederman-de-jager
Leon Lederman accepts the CSICOP “In Praise of Reason Award” from astronomer Cornelis de Jager.

An awards banquet followed Saturday’s sessions at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in downtown Buffalo. CSICOP bestowed the Isaac Asimov Award upon Stephen Jay Gould. The In Praise of Reason Award was presented to Leon Lederman; the Public Education in Science Award to Dr. Dean Edell, who accepted via videotape; and the Distinguished Skeptic Award to James “The Amazing” Randi. The Distinguished Skeptic/Lifetime Achievement Award was given to talk-show host, humorist, author, and general Renaissance man Steve Allen, and the Responsibility in Journalism Award went to Phillip Adams, Piero Angela, and Pierre Berton. The banquet was also marked by news that independent astronomical working groups had succeeded in naming asteroids for Paul Kurtz and CSICOP. The CSICOP asteroid ended up being named “Skepticus” after concerns were aired among astronomers that people might not know how to say “Csicop.” Steve Allen, author, entertainer, and creator of the original Tonight Show, provided entertainment at the banquet.

Sunday’s session was devoted to a three-hour “World Skeptics Update” in which leaders of skeptical groups from across the globe described the situations in their home countries. Participants included Tim Trachet (Belgium), Mario Mendez Acosta (Mexico), Amardeo Sarma (Germany), Michael Hutchinson (UK), Miguel Angel Sabadel (Spain), Henry Gordon (Canada), Stephen Basser (Australia), Lin Zixin (China), Massimo Polidoro (Italy), Cornelis de Jager (Netherlands), Valery Kuvakin (Russia), Rudolf Czelnai (Hungary), Premanand (India), and Sanal Edamaruku (India).

The congress attracted unprecedented media coverage, including partial coverage on C-Span. In addition, National Public Radio’s “Talk of the Nation: Science Friday” program made a rare trip out of the studio to originate from the congress site with host Ira Flatow. The congress was also distinguished by the raising of more than $200,000 toward the “Fund for the Future” campaign, a $20 million Center for Inquiry program and endowment fund. Congress proceedings are now available on audiotape.

Satellite Times: Two Types of Spy for the FBI

September 1996
Satellite Times
Two Types of Spy for the FBI
By Alex J. Geairns

Mitch Pileggi plays Assistant Director Skinner, Nicholas Lea is Agent Alex Krycek in the mysterious world of THE X-FILES. Alex J. Geairns tracked them down on a recent tour of the U.K.

X-FILES fans have a very specific idea of what Skinner, the long-term boss of FBI Agents Scully and Mulder, is like. Round-rimmed glasses, over-starched shirts, and a cold demeanour, and Nicholas Lea is the man they all love to hate — the weasel-like, shadowy character whose motives are almost always unclear. The transformation from well-to-do new partner for Mulder to a force for pure evil is gradual, and his is certainly one of the most well-drawn characters in the entire series.

With these visions of the pair of them in your head, it’s difficult to come to terms with them in real life. Both are easy going, dressed in jeans and causal shirts. If it wasn’t for their striking features, you’d probably pass them by on the street.

Landing the role of Skinner was a case of third time lucky for Mitch Pileggi. On two previous occasions, he had auditioned to play FBI agents on the series, but when the original Section Chief, Blevins (Charles Cioffi) was unavailable for the episode “Tooms,” Skinner was created. Skinner’s been helping keep The X Files active, despite many attempts to shut them down. Mitch came to fame in the Wes Craven movie SHOCKER, playing the murderous Horace Pinker. TV work has included roles in KNIGHT RIDER 2000, DALLAS, and CHINA BEACH. As for Nick Lea, he’s appeared in such series as HIGHLANDER and THE COMMISH in guest roles. He made his first appearance in THE X-FILES as a survivor of a nightclub attack by a sex-swapping entity in the episode “Gender Bender.” That was enough to get him noticed, and director Rob Bowman immediately thought of Nick to play the part of Agent Alex Krycek in the episode “Sleepless.” Since then, Krycek has turned from Good Two Shoes into a double-crossing double agent.

Since I last caught up with the guys last October, when the Cult TV Production Crew flew the pair of them over for CULT TV 1995, the Appreciation Weekend for all TV with a fan following, Nick Lea has been working on other projects, as well as making a couple of appearances in THE X-FILES.

“I filmed a new pilot, which is going to be picked up in the Fall (Autumn),” announces Nick. “It’s called ONCE A THIEF, and it’s Executive Produced and directed by John woo. It’s basically the story of three people who come from different backgrounds, my character being an ex-cop, the two others being ex-thieves, and w form an international crime-fighting group. It’s sort of THE MOD SQUAD for the 1990s!”

And Mitch? Has he had time for anything else other than playing Skinner?

“I have to keep myself available for the possibilities of Skinner being written into an upcoming show, and they’ve got me under contract now, so it’s hard for me to really go out and book something else. If they need me, they need me, and I’ve got to be there.”

This being their second appearance in the UK, they seem to have acquired the roles of Ambassadors for THE X-FILES. I wonder if it ever gets boring answering the same questions over and over, having to deal with the media’s obsession of asking what David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson are really like?

“At times you’re just tired of it,” comments Nick, “but when we’re not, you realise that different groups of people are going to be reading it, or seeing it, listening, viewing or whatever, and you want to make it interesting for them, too — there’s responsibility there to represent the show in a positive light. We both have a great loyalty to it, and I think that it’s important to give it our best shot.”

“Occasionally, when I get real tired, I just want to start making stuff up,” jokes Mitch. So what’s the best gag they’ve come up with?

“That David’s having a testicle reduction,” Nick announces, straight-faced, and the pair of them crack up with laughter.

Recently on Sky One, we’ve seen Skinner get show in an episode. Did Mitch think his number was up when he saw the “Piper Maru” script, where this takes place?

“No, not at all. Chris likes the character and he’s not going to kill him off…yet. I know that he realises the popularity of the role, and the writers like writing for Skinner, so I don’t think that they even consider it.”

Krycek, the last time we saw him, was imprisoned in a UFO silo, seemingly with no chance of escape. Is Nick hoping to come back next season?

“Yes, and you can be sure I will be! I’ve been told I’m now over the death hump, because were originally going to kill me — Chris Carter saw no other way that my character could go other than being erased, after having done so many awful things. I called Chris on the phone, a little irregular, I know, and pleaded for him not to kill Krycek, as I enjoy being on the show too much. Low and behold he didn’t. He said that I brought too much to the show to kill me off, which is something of a compliment. I didn’t cry, though, to influence him — I didn’t quite stoop that low.”

But what about the situation he’s in? It’s going to be a little bit difficult to get out of. “How Krycek is going to get out of that predicament is yet to be seen, but it will happen in the new season very early on.”

Some jolly japes reckon Krycek has a key in the heel of his shoe. “I heard a better one,” Nick remarks, “somebody suggested at one of the conventions we were at that there was a back door to the silo.”

The final episode of the latest season is again a cliff-hanger. Any major revelations that Mitch could tell us about?

“Skinner pops up briefly in the last couple of episodes, and isn’t an integral part to what is happening. What it’s going to translate into for the beginning of Season four, even we don’t know.”

What do they enjoy most about the UK, now that they’ve become regular visitors?

Nick is gushing in his praise. “I really enjoy the people. I find them to be better educated and wittier.”

“It’s really vibrant here,” notes Mitch. “We went to the theatre last night, and afterwards walked down the streets, and they were packed, the pubs full of people enjoying life.”

Nick has family connections which add another dimension to his trip. “My heritage is English, so I’m proud to be back here. We went to the British Museum, and I was looking up my family in the books — pages and pages on it. I really enjoy it here — at one point I was going to come over to live, maybe even try and get in at RADA — it’s probably a little too late for that now. Life seems less complicated here. Another thing I didn’t realise, when I went out for a run in Hyde Park, we come over to England thinking we’re so different, that life is different, as we live on the other side of the world, but you watch people doing exactly the same things you’re doing — Hyde Park looks so much like my home town. It makes you realise that people are the same wherever you go.”

Both of them are coming to terms with being recognised out on the streets. Mitch certainly has the presence not to be missed. Storyline wise, I note that some people reckon the series should stick to developing the conspiracy theory story, and not be distracted by other plotlines.

Mitch ponders for a moment. “I think it’s smart for them to continue having all these different avenues to take. You get the monster shows, you get the paranormal stuff, you’ve got the X-FILES mythology that revolves around the conspiracy. I think it’s refreshing to not stay on one track too long, as the audience might get bored of that quickly. Every once in a while, throw in something different — it’s very wise and astute to do so.”

Nick knows what he would like to see. “A few more mythology episodes would help, because that would mean I could be in it a little more! The mythology episodes are the backbone of the show. In STAR TREK, they’re normally revolving around the same theme, finding a new life form or intelligence, but in THE X-FILES we go all over the map, both in terms of people and format.”

A lot more people are discovering THE COMMISH on Sky One, in which Nick is a recurring character, the easy going cop Ricky Caruso.

“I did about two and a half years on that show. It was a great experience in terms of being in front of the camera and learning technique. It changed my life in a lot of ways — before I got that role I was just going from job to job, not really having enough money to be able to do what I wanted to do. You can be in an acting class all you want, but you don’t fully learn until you get off that stage and in front of a camera.”

I know that guest stars in THE X-FILES have always been unknowns, at least that has been the rule up until now. The reasoning being that such a celebrity appearance would detract too much from the storyline (not to mention the possible ramifications to the budget!). However, in the final episode of the third season, Roy Thinnes (who played architect David Vincent in the long-running 1960s series THE INVADERS — currently screening on The Sci-Fi Channel) is a guest star. Was this a conscious decision by series creator Chris Carter to pay homage to one of the inspirations of THE X-FILES?

Mitch hadn’t considered this before. “I honestly don’t know, but you have to admit, it was a piece of very smart casting.”

Nick adds, “I know they were trying to get Darrin McGavin, who played KOLCHAK: THE NIGHT STALKER, to have played Mulder’s father. That would have been a real homage to the show’s influences, but unfortunately he wasn’t able to do it. I think Chris knows the legacy that THE X-FILES is going to leave behind, the excitement that it produces, and want to acknowledge the shows that motivate him from what he’s watched in the past.”

Mitch liked sharing screen time with the one-time star of THE INVADERS. “Roy Thinnes is brilliant, just wonderful. It was so neat working with him.”

Some people have suggested that psychological horror that as more evident in the earlier episodes of the show has been replaced with more horror of a graphic nature. How does Nick see it?

“I think the show has become more violent. Why this is happening, I couldn’t even begin to tell you. I’ve noticed it, but I also think the quality of the show has stepped up at the same time. When you’re doing a series like this, you’re constantly looking for new ways to excite your audience. The programme’s evolving constantly, and it may well go back into more psychological horror — these things tend to go in cycles in long-running shows. They’re still keeping up the wonderfully inventive storylines, for instance when that movie SEVEN came out, it’s fairly graphic, but very good.”

Speaking of clever shows, SLIDERS has been renewed for another season. Does Nick feel any remorse in passing up the chance to be a regular in the series?

“There was certainly talk at one point about me joining the cast. Tracy Torme, the show’s creator, called me up a while ago and told me he was under pressure from the network to do particular things in the series, which unfortunately didn’t involve me. But he does want to have me back as a guest star sometime this season — whether I do so or not all depends on whether I have the time.”

And what next for Walter S Skinner? Can Mitch throw any light on the next season?

“They’re opening up the character. He now has an ex-wife who’s a succubus, had a relationship with a hooker, and he will continue to evolve. It opens up a whole bunch of possibilities. The episode where they spotlighted Skinner (‘Avatar’) was a real treat to do, and my favourite of last season.”

And what was Nick’s favourite from last season?

“It’s the one called ‘Wet-wired,’ all about manipulation by the media. It was written by our special effects supervisor Mat Beck. My other favourite is ‘D.P.O.’ about a kid who attracts lightning. I mean, that’s a story that doesn’t work on paper, but when you see it, the performance by the kid makes it. I’m much like everyone else now — I sit home and watch the show.”

Does Mitch ever put forward script ideas to the writers and producers?

“No, I’m just too lazy. I come up with typical X-FILES character names sometimes though — SAM CLUTCH, for instance. That’s a character from my childhood — he was the bogey man who would feature in scary stories my mother would tell me. Stuff that had been passed on down my mom’s family — maybe that might be the basis of a good episode.” Indeed in the world of THE X-FILES, the unexpected is never too far away.

The Vancouver Sun: Secret of X-Files' success is its secrets

Jul-25-1996
The Vancouver Sun
Secret of X-Files’ success is its secrets
Alex Strachan

“Mulder will see something that he thinks is paranormal, and Scully will say, no, it can’t be.” — X-Files producer Chris Carter on what fans can expect in the upcoming season.

PASADENA, Calif. — Chris Carter promises the usual surprises — and a nasty shock or two — when The X-Files begins its fourth season sometime in October. The first episode will be a conclusion to June’s cliffhanger which opened a whole new can of worms of exactly who is doing what to whom.

Beyond that, and the fact the season opener is being shot in Kamloops — “This one is set in Canada,” Carter said cryptically, refusing to reveal more detail than that — he isn’t saying much other than, like all good X-Files episodes, this one poses more questions than it answers.

Carter is juggling duties between The X-Files and shepherding his new show, Millennium, also filming in Vancouver.

“Hopefully, I won’t get the two confused,” he said, but he’s being facetious: Howard Gordon and R.W. Goodwin, supervising producers of The X-Files since its inception, are involved in the daily operation of The X-Files set while David Nutter, a veteran of The X-Files’ early years, is helping Carter supervise Millennium.

Carter said the secret to making sure a success stays a success is to remain actively involved.

“Because if you don’t, and there are a lot of people working on a show, somehow the show can take on a life of its own. It’s one of the ways something can fail. There are many reasons a show can fail. There are very few ways it can succeed.”

It has taken Carter, 39, eight years, he says, to realize what it takes to be a good storyteller — a process that involved learning how to translate something from script to screen.

X-Files scripts are prepared weeks in advance, and days of pre-production go into preparing each episode for actual shooting. Carter said most of his time in Vancouver is consumed supervising pre-production, scouting locations and making sure the crew has what it needs to work quickly and efficiently. The X-Files, with its extensive use of Lower Mainland and now Interior locations, and its complicated camera setups, is one of the most demanding productions in series television. The cast and 248-member crew work 12-hour days, seven days a week, for an average eight days per episode. Twenty-two episodes are shot each year between mid-July and early May. This year production started July 16.

“Kamloops gives us a nice look we wouldn’t get otherwise,” Carter said. “It’s river valleys, golden hills, and it’s got an arid quality — a big blue sky — you just don’t get in Vancouver. Well, you get the big blue sky this time of year in Vancouver, but you can’t get the rolling hills.”

There is little question that The X-Files has captured the popular imagination.

“I honestly can’t say why people believe this,” Carter said. “I think it has a lot to do with the global, political climate, the lack of a clear enemy and a certain amount of navel-gazing. But I think it also has to do with science. We are living in a world where technological and medical advancements are making quantum leaps. We don’t quite know how to fathom those things, and it gives us a feeling that, in fact, we may not be in control.”

The X-Files is popular enough now that it is sprouting imitators like pods from outer space: Dark Skies and The Burning Zone. Even David Hasselhoff is trying to turn Baywatch Nights into an X-Files clone.

“I think David Hasselhoff said that he thought the problem with The X-Files is that we talk too much on it,” Carter said. “Actually, I think that’s the problem with Baywatch, too.

“All I can do is speak to my own paranoia, which is great. So if my paranoia has inspired more paranoia, I think I’m a happy man.”

Pressure is mounting for an X-Files feature film while the series is still on the air.

“That’s a subject of some debate right now,” Carter said. “Whatever I do, I want to do it in such a way that it strengthens the show, not weakens it. The trick is to avoid doing something so big that you can’t ever recover on the series. I want to make sure that when we do this X-Files feature that we don’t just do it for the sake of doing it, but that we do it right.”

Carter said the feature film would dovetail with events on the series, the so called “mythology episodes” which deal with alien invasion and government conspiracy. If the go-ahead is given, filming would probably begin late this spring.

Caller is equally leery of the program’s move to Sunday nights, starting in November [sic].

“I like to think of The X-Files as being abducted to Sunday nights,” he said, laughing. “Everybody resists change. Some people see Sunday as a night when they’re preparing for work the next day, and kids might not be able to stay up because it’s a school night.

“I’m hoping [the show] doesn’t suffer. I’m just hoping that [the resistance] dies away and that people come back to the show because it’s good.”

Carter said both David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson are good friends, and “David and Gillian both renegotiated their contracts last year, so that’s out of the way.

“I have told them — and I think they are party to this — that I just want to do five really good years of The X-Files, five years where one day we can look back and say honestly that we did our best work. That’s why I haven’t left the show. If they’re willing to devote five years of their lives to it, so will I. Anything past that is gravy.”

Associated Press: X-Files 'abducted' to Sundays

Jul-18-1996
Associated Press
X-Files ‘abducted’ to Sundays

PASADENA, Calif. (AP) — Chris Carter, the creator of “The X-Files,” says his show’s been abducted.

Fox TV plans to move the popular paranormal hit from Friday night to Sunday night this fall to make room for a new show.

“I like to think of ‘The X-Files’ as being abducted,” the writer-producer told a Television Critics Association gathering Wednesday.

David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson star as FBI investigators Fox Mulder and Dana Scully, who handle the bureau’s unsolved and officially shelved “X-files” — cases that lead beyond the comfortably explainable.

The show is being moved to make way for Carter’s latest creation, “Millennium,” which will debut in “The X-Files” old spot.

The new series stars Lance Henriksen as Frank Black, an ex-FBI agent who specialized in tracking serial killers and who now works with an underground group fighting evil.

CSICOP: THE X-FILES MEETS THE SKEPTICS

Jun-21-1996
THE X-FILES MEETS THE SKEPTICS
Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), World Skeptics Congress
Kendrick Frazier, Chris Carter

[Transcript from the event; Original article here]

**THE X-FILES ** MEETS THE SKEPTICS

–When Chris Carter, creator of the popular Fox TV drama The X-Files
spoke at the CSICOP Twentieth Anniversary Conference, the result wasn’t
quite what anyone expected–

Chris Carter, creator and executive producer of ‘The X-Files,’ was the
invited luncheon banquet speaker for the first day of the World Skeptics
Congress and CSICOP Twentieth Anniversary Conference in Amherst, NY.
The banquet, in the atrium of the State University of NY at Buffalo Center
for the Arts, was packed.  Tables were jammed together.  Other people
listened from second floor walkways or while standing against the walls.
We present here essentially the transcript, only slightly edited for
brevity, of that fascinating event, which consisted of informal
introductory remarks by Carter followed by an extensive question-and-
answer session.   Not all of the audience’s questions were recorded, but
Carter summarized many of them before answering.  Carter was
introduced by reporter Eugene Emery of the Providence Journal-Bulletin,
who, even though he had written several somewhat critical pieces about
‘The X-Files,’ enthusiastically supported that Carter be invited to speak
and served as his host.  We begin with Emery’s remarks.

— Kendrick Frazier, Editor

****************************

I’m Gene Emery, science writer, computer columnist, and occasional
contributor of Media Watch columns for the ‘Skeptical Inquirer.’

I’ve written about a lot of things in my 25 year career, but few topics
have produced more angry mail than my criticism of ‘The X-Files.’

Since the show’s debut on the Fox Network on September 10, 1993, the
adventures of two FBI agents thrown into cases with supernatural twists
have gathered a growing legion of fans.

Originally based on ‘The Night Stalker,’ a Darren McGavin series with an
occult theme, ‘The X-Files’ premiered with the words: ‘The following is
inspired by actual documented event’ and proceeded to depict an alien
abduction.  Stories of monsters, psychokinesis, and the face on Mars
followed.

Dana Scully, the FBI agent who is supposedly the skeptic of the pair, was
depicted as close-minded, ill-informed about the supernatural, and
unwilling to recognize extraordinary phenomena that were clearly
occurring on the show.

In short, the program–although fiction–seemed to be a nightmare for
people interested in encouraging the public to take a rational look at the
supernatural.

But ‘The X-Files’ evolved into something far more interesting, something
even hard-core skeptics can appreciate.

The ‘actual documented events’ line was dropped after the first show.

These days when FBI agent Fox Mulder gets involved in a case because it
seems to have supernatural overtones, he sometimes discovers a more
down-to-earth explanation.

When the FBI agents come across something that appears supernatural,
instead of ooohing and aaahing over the phenomenon from afar, they pursue
it, they dissect it, they try to get to the bottom of it, and they’re not
afraid to report a prosaic explanation if they find it–unlike the
promoters of the supernatural with whom we’re all familiar.

Although the show posits that extraterrestrials *really did* crash at
Roswell, the show has been downright nasty to the Gulf Breeze UFO
photographs and the Fox network’s own ‘Alien Autopsy’ specials.

Even as actor Peter Boyle played an insurance salesman who could
correctly predict the date and nature of anyone’s death, the show
skewered the so-called police psychics who are always predicting that
you’ll find the missing person’s body ‘near water.’ In the fictional world
of ‘The X-Files,’ world governments *really are* violently covering up
past contacts with extraterrestrials, monsters *do* lurk in the shadows,
and people with psychic powers *do* exist.

Yet, ironically, this fictional show that promotes the paranormal on one
level sometimes demonstrates more skepticism and more critical thinking
than the so-called reality-based television shows that feature paranormal
topics, where the producers ignore the research showing less sensational
explanations for strange phenomena, and the skeptics, if they’re lucky, get
a ten-second sound bite that gives the illusion of balance.

Open for debate is whether ‘The X-Files’ could do a better job of
educating viewers about the general public’s superstitions and folklore,
while maintaining the show’s dramatic tension and impressive ratings.

Mr. Carter and his show have received many honors, including the 1995
Golden Glove Award for Outstanding Drama Series, even Emmy nominations
this past year, and the outstanding television series award from the
Academy of Television Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror.

Last year, Mr. Carter was nominated for an Emmy Award for ‘Outstanding
Writing in a Dramatic Series.’ He was also nominated for the Edgar Allen
Poe Award by the Mystery Writers of America.

Ladies and Gentlemen, please welcome Chris Carter.

********************

Hi! I’m Chris Carter, heretic.  I agreed to speak to this group a long time
ago, and I didn’t realize that I was going to be eating lunch here.  When
they told me I was going to be ‘had for lunch,’ I got kind of worried.

I’m anticipating some very touch questions here today, but I feel that I
should face my accusers and try to best explain why I do what I do and
how I think I serve the purpose of what it is you do.

I’d like to read to you a letter that was sent to me just recently from a
person who is a high school teacher.  I think that this is what I anticipate
will be the kind of questions and certainly the sentiment that I’ll be
addressing here today.  It says:

‘Dear Mr. Carter: (This is a man named Tucker Hiatt from the University
High School in San Francisco.)

‘In just a few days you will be speaking before the World Skeptics
Congress.  Your audience there in Amherst will not consist of your adoring
fans.  Rather you will be–politely and with good humor, I hope–criticized
as a key purveyor of antiskeptical, antiscientific, and generally irrational
thinking among the television viewing public.  They may argue that ‘The X-
Files’ is actually hurting people.

‘I am sending you the attached copy of Carl Sagan’s ‘The Demon Haunted
World’ for two reasons: first, so that you may know your enemy and
thereby be prepared for the skeptical onslaught at Amherst, and so you
might even come to adopt these skeptics’ point of view and therefore be
willing to make the modest occasional and purely evolutionary change in
‘The X-Files’ described in the paragraph below.

‘I am a high school physics and philosophy teacher.  I cannot easily afford
to send twenty-six-dollar books to strangers.  Nevertheless I’m persuaded
that you have the power to do something wonderful for the television
watching world.

‘If you will peruse pages 373 through 477 of this book–‘The X-Files’ is
discussed on page 374–you will find Mr. Sagan bemoaning the current
poverty of prime time television’s depiction of science.  ‘Where in all
these programs are the joy of science, the delight in discovering how the
universe is put together, the exhilaration of knowing a deep thing well?’
I’m afraid that ‘The X-Files’ in particular is helping to make this the most
entertained and least scientifically informed–no, the least rational–
nation in the industrialized world.

‘I believe that in this instance you are hurting people.   Our children and
my students, at least, deserve better.  To that end I ask you to consider
‘The Y-Files.’ Just once every month why not run an ‘X-Files’ episode that
is shorter than the requisite forty-eight minutes?  As the episode ends
you could air a brief epilogue called ‘The Y-Files’ that would finish the
hour.  ‘The Y-Files’ might involve any of the seven themes that Mr. Sagan
identifies on page 377 of his book, in particular, the presentation of real
scientific investigations into the preceding episode’s paranormal hook.  It
could be both thrilling and enlightening.  It needn’t be expensive, either.  (I
don’t know how he would know, by the way.) That week’s ‘X-Files’ set
could be used.  Dozens of scientists there at the World Skeptics Congress
would love to set up quick and entertaining experiments for free.

‘Mr. Carter, please give this book a read.  Please also consider why ‘The Y-
Files’ is a good idea.  Generations of scientifically literate citizens,
better able to exercise their healthy skepticism because of a few minutes
of ‘X-Files’ time, may be deeply indebted.’

I have to say, I couldn’t agree more.  I believe on of the things television
should do is educate, and I believe it doesn’t do it enough.  But I’m here to
tell you that I am a dramatist, I create entertainment, and I am
unapologetic for that.  I think that what I do is actually a great service to
science.  I’m willing to defend what I do in that way.  I believe it draws
people to science.

I have a brother who’s a Ph.D.  He got his degree in physics from Berkeley.
He’s now a research scientist at the National Institute of Standards and
Technology in Washington, D.C.  I ask him, ‘Can I mention your name, Craig,
the these great skeptics, here at this convention?’   He said, ‘Why?’ He
was a little nervous that he would all of a sudden happen to be allied with
me, the purveyor of antiskeptical material.

Anyway, I asked him because my brother was a great lover of science
fiction as a kid.  He read everything, all the science fiction canon.  It is, he
says, what drew him to science, what made him want to be a scientist.
Even though he’s not a big science fiction fan now, that is what, in fact,
made him want to be what he is.

I believe in the same way ‘The X-Files,’ even though it may not give some
people as balanced an approach as you may like, does the same thing.  It is
smart, intelligent, it doesn’t write down, it is in fact built on a
foundation of real and good science, as good as we can make it.  We’re
very, very rigorous about the kind of research that we do on the show.  I
talk with scientists regularly.  I have many friends who are scientists,
who are contributors to the show in research.  I think I can safely say that
as far as any entertainment show on network television, that my show is,
I believe, the most responsible to hard science.
On top of that, we deal with the paranormal, which I know you are all
interested in–or disinterested in.  We do that in a way–that’s the way
we tell our stories, and even though we come to no conclusion at the end
of the show, we, in fact, do say or suggest that these possibilities may
exist; but they are always leavened by Agent Scully’s scientific point of
view, she being the great big anchor of science, toning down the wonder of
Agent Mulder’s need to believe.

If you’ve seen the show, if you’re a fan of the show, you’ll know that from
the very beginning, in the pilot episode, that Agent Mulder, who plays the
believer on the show, had a poster on his wall that said: ‘I want to
believe.’ It didn’t say, ‘I do believe,’ or it didn’t say, ‘This is real, this is
all true.’ He had a desire to believe; he wanted to find the truth that was
out there.
I believe there is something that is very human, that we all want a
religious experience.  Even if we don’t believe in God, I believe we’re all
looking for something beyond our own rather temporal lives here that is
going to shake our foundations of belief.  That’s a personal feeling of
mine, and it has sort of infused the whole show.

I don’t have a lot more to say, or to defend for that matter.  I’m going to
open up the floor for questions, because I am sure there are many.

I surely have been reading the book that was sent to me, and I turned to a
page and maybe this is a good place to begin our discussion because, while
I’m very impressed with this book and I’ve been a reader of Mr. Sagan’s for
quite a long time–I read ‘Broca’s Brain’ as a young man, and I read ‘The
Dragons of Eden,’ also as a young man, and got a lot out of them.  I should
also mention that I am a skeptic; I’m not a believer or a purveyor, in the
schlocky sense of the word, of this kind of pseudoscience, but I do use it
for what I do, which is storytelling.

I want to read you a paragraph that kind of stuck out to me and it’s this.
Mr. Sagan is saying, ‘An extraterrestrial being newly arrived on Earth
scrutinizing what we mainly present to our children in television, radio,
movies, newspapers and magazines, the comics, and many books, might
easily conclude that we are intent of teaching them murder, rape, cruelty,
superstition, credulity and consumerism.  We keep at it, and through
constant repetition many of them finally get it.  What kind of society
could we create if instead we drummed into them science and a sense of
hope?’

I’m confused, and maybe you guys can answer this question for me: how
science creates hope in the world.  I’ll just throw that question out to you
because I was thinking about what kind of hope it represents to me: the
hope that a giant meteor is going to hit the earth and we all die, that my
cell phone gives me a brain tumor–I just want to know what that means
to you, what kind of hope you think science can give in our lives today. So
that’s my question to you.  [Pause.] No answers.

[Inaudible question from audience]

I agree with you.   Medical science gives hope that we may live long,
fruitful lives, but it actually does just that.  In fact it creates a long life
here and it doesn’t answer anything about our emotional lives or our need
to . . . .

[Inaudible question.]

It does.  Quality of life, I agree.  But I’m trying to make a point, and I’m
being a little provocative about it; I think people’s need to believe in these
superstitions–paranormal and the like–has to do with their emotional
lives, which is what I deal with as a dramatist, and I think that
sometimes gets confused.  I believe that if mysticism or ghosts or magic
were taken out of all literature or drama, we would actually lose a lot of
great drama, including Dickens, Shakespeare, Gabriel Garcia Marquez.  So
this is something that is used in a lot of drama to treat and limn human
experience and existence. . .

I’m trying to make a point–this is what I do as a dramatist, this is the
subject matter, how I use it.  I’m not trying to be a purveyor of
pseudoscience.  It is merely a dramatic tool for me.

[Inaudible question]

The question is: Do I think a desire to believe is different from the search
for truth?  I believe that they are different, but they are not inseparable. I
think that scientists search for the truth and they do it in a very noble
way.  I don’t want anyone to get the wrong idea–I’m here because I
respect what you all do as scientists and I think that it’s a noble pursuit
and calling.  I believe though, that–I’ll tell you an interesting story in a
second–that there is indeed, beyond the truth, beyond the facts, there is a
need to have a spiritual life that for me is a need to believe, a need to
believe in an afterlife or God, for that matter.

One of the reasons I’m here is because I had an interesting meeting with
two people who I know have been associated with this group, the
magicians Penn and Teller.  They came into my office, and I had a very
interesting meeting with these guys.  They’re very, very smart guys and
very, very certain that there is nothing beyond the pale, that there is in
fact nothing that science cannot explain.
I asked them if they believed in God, and they said no.  And I asked: Do any
scientists believe in God? And they said: ‘None of the important ones.’
[Laughter.] I just found that somehow, I don’t know, very disturbing.  I
think that need to believe is, in fact, even with the most hardened atheist.
I think that there must be at some point in their lives a need to at least
search for some kind of personal answers for existence itself, and I think
that’s a feeling that infuses the show and certainly informs it in the
stories that we tell.

[Inaudible question]

The question is: Agent Scully represents a skeptical point of view, but she
was abducted herself; and, now, how can she maintain a skeptical point of
view?  If you’re a regular watcher of the show, you’ll know that Agent
Scully was in fact not abducted by aliens; it hasn’t explained who she was
abducted by, and the whole question of alien life has never been answered
in the three years of the show.  We’ve suggested it strongly, but last year,
people who know the mythology of the show know that we took away that
very thing.  We actually explained it away, which is, I believe, what I’ve
been trying to do–I’ve been trying to offer a sort of balanced approach,
saying that this could be just the depredations of a government who wants
to keep the truth from us, which I believe is absolutely true.

[Inaudible question]

The question is, to summarize, why is it that even if we present things
from a skeptical point of view, the paranormal always seems to outweigh
the skepticism?  My intention, when I first set out to do the show, was to
do a more balanced kind of storytelling.  I wanted to expose hoaxes.  I
wanted Agent Scully to be right as much as Agent Mulder.  Lo and behold,
these stories were really boring.  The suggestion that there was a rather
plausible and rational and ultimately mundane answer for these things
turned out to be a disappointing kind of storytelling, to be honest.  And I
think that’s maybe where people have the most problems with my show,
certainly this group, I believe.  But it’s just the kind of storytelling we do,
and because we have to entertain and because I set out in this show when I
created it–all I wanted to do, and still really all I want to do in a very
smart way is to scare the pants off of people every Friday night.  That’s
really the job they pay me for, and that’s the thing I’m supposed to do.

[Inaudible question.]

Thank you very much.  I’ll tell everyone I resisted the label of science
fiction in the beginning because I never liked science fiction as a kid.  I
never read it.  I honestly admit to you I’ve never watched a single episode
of ‘Star Trek.’ I resisted the label, but I realized then that the label
actually brought a certain audience to me and that what we are doing is
science fiction, because it is fiction and it is speculative science.  So I’ll
accept the label because I think it’s fitting.

[Inaudible question]

I think it’s a good question.  Am I a mongerer for the paranormal; am I in
fact by telling these stories leading people to believe they have been
abducted by aliens and/or any of these other paranormal thing?  I think
it’s a question that really is not dissimilar to the one about violence on
television: Is violence on television promoting violence in society?  I
think it’s a bogus argument, to be honest.  I don’t believe people are empty
vessels waiting to be filled up with kooky ideas and going out and acting
on them.  I believe that mostly people are smart and reasonable, and the
people who are going to be influenced by these things will be influenced by
them.  I can’t be responsible for them; that is not my responsibility.  I try
to present a fair, intelligent, reasoned, and entertaining–to be honest–
approach to these things.  I think that there’s a great debate right now
about arts and artists’ responsibilities.  There’s an interesting article in
‘Vanity Fair,’ a conversation between Oliver Stone and John Grisham
about the artist’s responsibilities.  Several people have actually killed
others and themselves after watching the movie ‘Natural Born Killers.’
The question John Grisham had is actually more than a question.  He’s
placing some blame on Oliver Stone for creating a product which promotes
a certain type of behavior.  I think it that it’s a very dangerous suggestion.
I think it certainly says a lot about the freedoms in this country.  If, in
fact, I’ve led people to believe that they’ve been abducted by aliens, I’m
truly sorry–unless of course they have been abducted by aliens.

[Inaudible question from audience member Steve Allen.]

The question from Mr. Allen is: Is there a disclaimer on the back of my
show, or should there be a disclaimer, saying that this is not real or
shouldn’t be perceived as real?  It’s a valid question.  I really don’t know
how to answer it.  I can tell you that when you create entertainment and
you don’t put it forth as the truth, that it is not our responsibility at the
end of the show to do anything other than to say, ‘This does not represent
actual events and/or individuals.’ I don’t know that it’s my responsibility
to say that I’ve just created a fiction that is a fiction.  I think what I do is
not astrology, it is drama; and those are two different kinds of things.
It’s a valid question, though, but I just don’t see the need for it myself.

[Long inaudible question from audience.]

The question or statement was about my question about hope.  This
gentleman says, what greater hope is there than the one provided by self-
knowledge, knowing the universe and knowing ourselves?  My feeling is
that you’re right.  That is, in fact, all we can do.  But beyond that, people
have great needs to believe that there is an afterlife.  This is my belief;
it’s not necessarily my personal quest.  But I know about the emotional
needs of people, and I think that’s what drama and fiction deal with.

[Long comment from audience; applause.]

I’m in violent agreement with you.  Preaching false hope.  Nor do I preach
or promote quackery of the like.  I offer up these stories, parables in some
way, in order to possibly take a better look at ourselves and to entertain;
once again to scare us with what is, in fact, I think frightening, which is
our fear of violent death, et cetera.  But I agree with you.  We shouldn’t
promote things that are, in fact, antithetical to a good, real approach to
science and medicine.

[Inaudible question]

I thought this was supposed to be hostile.

[Member of audience (Neil deGrasse Tyson, astrophysicist): One of the
goals of good writing is to anticipate the reaction of the reader so that
one can communicate more effectively.  For you to humbly admit that your
show is fiction, while a significant portion of ‘The X-Files’ audience
thinks the content is fact, means that you have misled them–
inadvertently or intentionally.  Occasionally, after your show, I get a
phone call from a friend of mine who asks me, ‘Was what I saw on ‘The X-
Files’ really true?’ or ‘Could that really have happened?’ Not everybody
has an astrophysicist as a friend whom they can call to sort out fact from
fiction on television.  For this reason, I believe you are setting back the
nation’s attempts to combat science literacy.  Do you believe your show is
harmful to viewers who may have difficulty sorting the fact from the
fiction?  Note that television shows such as ‘The Twilight Zone’ and ‘The
Outer Limits’ did not confuse their audience about whether they were fact
or fiction, yet they were nonetheless successful.]

Do you believe it’s harmful? …. I believe anyone who takes this at face
value and this doesn’t force them to ask themselves questions is a person
who is gullible anyway, and you have to do your job as a scientist. [Boos
from audience, followed by long comment from audience, laughter.] I think
this is why there are fiction and nonfiction sections in bookstores.  I think
that people who take this as the truth are perhaps not looking at it
carefully enough.  It never purported to be the truth.  It is a fictional
show, it is drama, it is entertainment; and it never tries to say that this
is the truth, you should believe this.  In fact, we are never conclusive
about anything.  There is a dramatic story told, and so I think that if these
people are believing it, they have a willingness and a want to believe that
is uninformed.  I’m going to turn to this side of the room; this is a very
hostile side of the room. [Laughter.]

[Member of audience: Hi.  I’m interested in the sexual reversal that I see in
your show.  I believe that women are more gullible than men {shouts of NO!
from the audience}.  I’m interested to know whether you were conscious of
this and made a conscious decision, or whether it just turned out that
way.]

It’s a good question.  There is in my show the woman as scientist, as a
skeptic, and the man as believer.  It’s a role reversal of the gender
stereotypes.  It was a very conscious thing on my part to do that.
[Smattering of applause from audience.] I see I’m winning points back by
the minute.

[Inaudible question.]

To be honest I try very hard to stay away from those classic science
fiction conventions because my feeling is the show is only as scary as it
appears to be believable.  Now, I know that probably doesn’t sit well with
this group, but I must stay away from things like time travel and science
fiction conventions because it gets away from the groundedness of the
show, and Agent Scully would no longer have a valid point of view.

[Member of audience: If you could create a show as effective as Orson
Welles’ ‘War of the Worlds,’ would you put it on, and where would you
draw the line?]

I never thought of it.  We did an episode this year called ‘War of the
Coprophages,’ and it was about cockroaches from outer space, believe it
or not, and it was a kind of war-of-the-worlds idea.  It didn’t get people
around the country thinking that their towns were being invaded by alien
cockroaches, but it was a kind of play on that.  I don’t believe that in this
era of media saturation we could probably ever do that again.  I think that
it would be impossible.  Would I do something that irresponsible?
Certainly not.  Anyway, I don’t think it was irresponsible.  Would I do
something with that intention?  It was never Orson Welles’ intention to
have the kind of reaction he got.

[Member of audience: You mentioned that there are literary devices in
Shakespeare and in literature where ghosts and soothsayers are part of
the plot.  Let’s face it: they’re usually right.  You always know if you see
someone predicting something, it’s going to happen in that particular
episode.  I’m wondering if you are saying to us that basically there are no
dramatic devices to make the revealing of a hoax as interesting as always
leaving it unknown and a mystery.  Is that what you’ve run into?  Does
being a dramatist meant that you can’t always have them revealed as a
hoax?]]

I’m not sure how to answer the question.  I use those devices because I
think it’s a way to reflect back on ourselves.  I feel that I should hold up a
mirror to existence and the human drama.  As far as hoaxes go, all I can
say to you is that the idea of dramatizing a hoax is a very downbeat idea.
I believe there are places to do that; there probably is a show in which you
could do that and it probably is a very good idea to explore doing that.  It
just doesn’t work well on the kind of things that I do.

[Female member of audience: I just felt that one thing that was left out is
that Scully is one of the finest role models for women that we have.]

Her comment was that Agent Scully, who is a scientist and medical
doctor, is a great female role model.  I’m very proud of that because I
think there aren’t a lot of good female role models on TV.  I was very
selective in casting her role, because I wanted someone who actually
wasn’t a sex-kittenish, TV-bimbo type.  I was really up against it because
the people who hire me and pay me money were very concerned about
Gillian Anderson, the woman who plays Agent Scully–they were
concerned about how she might look in a bathing suit.  It was very hard to
convince them, in fact, that she wasn’t going to be in a bathing suit.  So,
thank you for the comment.

[Member of audience: My question concerns the demographics of your
audience.  What percentage of your audience Is children under the age of,
say, twelve, and how do you think they’re taking the show?]

My key demographic–I feel like a scientist now–is nineteen- to forty-
nine-year-old adults, and the smallest segment of our audience is two-to,
I think eleven-year-olds.  They’re watching the sitcoms on Friday nights.
So my feeling is that this show is probably too scary for some younger
kids, but once again I think that what it does is the same thing science
fiction did for my brother; it will draw people toward science rather than
away from it, and make them possibly smarter and more rational and more
skeptical actually.

[Member of audience: I think all of us here feel that we have pretty good
critical thinking skills and that the basis of our groups is in imparting
critical thinking skills to everyone.  I enjoy your show.  I do employ my
critical thinking skills, and I believe that’s what the big concern with the
show is, that we are worried about people watching it who just go ‘OOH’
and don’t even think about it, don’t try to evaluate the evidence.  But I also
think that’s our job.  We are to go home and help impart critical thinking
skills to everyone we come in contact with, and you keep on making good
shows.]

Thank you.

[Member of audience: Do you think that a SKEPTICAL INQUIRER-type
program could survive on commercial TV?]

I think that if It was done right and it stars Pamela Anderson Lee, yes.
[Laughter.] I don’t know, really.

[Member of audience: Tell us more about the conspiracy.  Lots of your
episodes seem to be running around conspiracy.  Tell us more about it.]

Yes, my show does deal with conspiracies.  I was a child of the Watergate
era.  I distrust authority.  I believe that the government does lie to us
regularly and people are working against our best interests on an ongoing
basis.  So the conspiracy ideas in the show come as a result of my great
belief that we’re being suckered.  That’s the last question I’m going to
take.  I have to all up my actors here. . .

*********************************

–Scully, Science and Skepticism–

Chris Carter concluded his appearance at the CSICOP conference asking
two volunteers from the audience to read a portion of an early script of
‘The X-Files.’

Carter: I have to call my actors up here because I’m going to actually prove
something, a great big experiment with Mulder and Scully.  This is a scene
from the pilot episode for ‘The X-Files.’ It’s a scene in which Agent
Scully meets Agent Mulder for the first time.  It’s a little lengthy but
there’s a point that’s very important.  Listen to the words, and I think
you’re going to understand how I approached the show from the beginning
and where we came from, if you don’t know the show.

SCULLY: Agent Mulder, Hi!  I’m Dana Scully.  I’ve been assigned to work
with you. . . .

{Note: I’m not gonna type the whole conversation out, that’s for sure! I’m
sure y’all know this conversation by heart.}

. . . MULDER: And that’s why they put the ‘I’ in the FBI.  See you bright and
early then, Scully.  We leave for Oregon at 8 AM.

[Applause.]

Carter: Thank you very much.  That was the original scene and it really set
up Dana Scully’s skepticism in the show.  I think that it’s clear that we
came at it from a very skeptical point of view with her.  And I’ve always
thought that Scully’s point of view is the point of view of the show.  I’d
also like to use this as an example: I know that there are a lot of
magicians here involved with this group, and I think that most of them
like to dispel the idea that there is actually magic; nd I would like to use
it as proof positive that in fact what I do on Friday nights at nine is
magic; and that these fine folks here were kind enough to show us a little
bit of that.

Thank you very much. [Applause.]

END

Rolling Stone: Subject: Chris Carter

May-16-1996
Rolling Stone
Subject: Chris Carter
David Wild

As we talk in his mysteriously small office on the Fox lot in Los Angeles, Chris carter is surrounded by a library that includes Dolphins, ETs and Angels, Conversations with Nostradamus, Cosmic Top Secret, UFO: The Continuing Enigma and perhaps the scariest book of all — The Bridges of Madison County.

Carter grew up in Bellflower, Calif. He started surfing at 12, and after he graduated from California State University at Long Beach, he worked as an editor at Surfing magazine for 13 years. With the encouragement of his future wife, screenwriter Dori Pierson, Carter started writing screenplays and soon found himself working for Disney TV. Softball pal Brandon Tartikoff brought Carter to NBC, where he developed some pilots and produced the … Joe Bologna vehicle [Rags to Riches]. In 1992, Peter Roth, the president of Twentieth Century Fox Television, brought him on to develop programs for the studio.

A few short years later, Carter’s a power broker. “The X-Files phenomenon is first and foremost Chris Carter,” says Roth. “He’s extraordinary, unique, slightly twisted, a little paranoid with a huge commitment to quality.” John Matoian, the president of Fox Entertainment Group, is similarly impressed: “Chris is a perfectionist and his own worst critic, which is great for me.” Carter has recently created a new fall drama for Fox called Millennium, which will follow the exploits of a 21st-century Seattle private investigator trying to solve seemingly unsolvable crimes.

Everywhere one looks in Carter’s office are reminders of the huge impact of The X-Files, including a Mad magazine parody (The Ecch-Files, with Fax Moldy, Agent Skulky, and FBI Assistant Director Skinhead) and the box for The XXX-Files — a porno tape featuring one Tyffany Million. I plan on investigating this last title further.

When you’re onstage at one of these “X-Files” conventions, do you ask yourself, “Who the hell are these people?”

The weird thing is, I know exactly who these people are. They’re kindred spirits.

So you don’t have the Shatneresque urge to say, “Get a life!”

No, no.

How do you feel when you see people who aren’t just fanatical about the show, but fanatical in general?

You mean the paranoids? Again, we’re kindred spirits. The thing that has come through on this show that’s really alarming and wonderful for me is that almost everybody feels the government is not acting in their best interests. One survey by the Roper poll said there are 5 million people who believe they’ve been abducted by aliens. People say, “Well, then you knew you had an audience.” But that’s not my audience; that’s my fuel.

Don’t you worry about the lunatic fringe that thinks of “The X-Files” as a documentary series?

The lunatic fringe is out there whether they’re watching us or not. There’s tons of UFO literature — these people have much more that The X-Files to hold on to. The X-Files is just high profile because it’s so successful.

And at least one hour a week, you keep us safe from them.

I don’t think they’re dangerous. I think these are peace-loving folks. People have asked me about the connection between The X-Files and the Oklahoma bombing. And as I’ve tried to make clear, I’m saying question the government, not overthrow it. It’s fiction, first of all — we make this stuff up.

So you think most conspiracy freaks are nice and benevolent, like your lovable Lone Gunmen on the show?

When you go to conventions, you see these guys. They exist. They have booths with literature about mysterious organizations like the Illuminati. But is it anything more than wacky and subversive? I don’t think so. I don’t think these guys are making pipe bombs.

How do you feel about the very explainable phenomenon of “X-Files” merchandise?

I resist a lot of stuff. If this becomes a show that you can find at your local KMart or Wal-Mart too easily, it’s going to lose the thing that’s made it special. The X-Files is coming out on videotape, and it’s going to be in all those stores. It makes me a little sad. I’d like it better if you could only find them at a head shop in Van Nuys.

Talking about head shops, were any of your ideas for the show drug-inspired?

I was actually never a big druggie. But I was a surfer, so I was around it. There are certain sacraments and rituals that had to be conducted. I did do a Native American Church peyote ritual with the Navajos in new Mexico, so that spawned a couple of the early Indian episodes.

I always dismiss conspiracy theories on the basis that the government seems incapable of conspiring to do much of anything.

That’s my feeling, too, about, like, JFK. Everything comes out in the end. But the idea that there are bad people out there working in dark and shadowy ways outside the system, I think, is very believable and real.

Have you gotten any postcards from any cigarette-smoking members of the Trilateral Commission saying, “Love the show. Now shut the hell up?”

No, but I bet there are people who watch the show and say, “They’re onto something.”

In casting, it took some convincing to get the network to go along with Gillian, correct?

I sort of staked my pilot and my career at the time on Gillian. I feel vindicated every day now.

How do you explain the celibate sexual heat between them?

I’m adamant about not putting them in a romantic situation. Their passion would be directed toward each other, and all the aliens, mutants, and other ghosts and ghoulies would run amok. But when you have two smart people who are passionate about what they do and happen to be physically attractive, you get sexual heat. Fox is very respectful and protective of Scully. He’s gentle with her and playful, and people take it as flirtation.

So then what do you make of our cover shot?

That’s David and Gillian in bed, not Mulder and Scully.

What kind of reaction have you received from the FBI?

There’s been no official reaction. Mr. Freeh [FBI Director Louis Freeh] has not commented. He did unofficially allow us to come and visit the FBI. We got nice treatment from the agents who were big fans of the show. They think it has shed a good light on the FBI.

Applications up?

They tell me that’s the case, and that they have to tell people there are no X-files to investigate.

Any fear of running out of stories?

I won’t allow myself that fear. The stories are out there.

Do you think that the show plays into our victimization craze? Now we can not only blame our parents for our being fucked up, we can blame the government and aliens, too.

To a certain extent we play on fears that things are out of control, out of your power. I think that’s what is scary about life, so we capitalize on that.

Are X-Philes more likely to vote for Clinton or Dole?

I have to think they’re more conservative in a weird way. The idea of questioning authority is not just a liberal idea. People say the show is obviously Republican because it says government is a bad thing. I think Republicans say, “Trust us.” And I’m saying, “Trust no one.” I do often wonder if Chelsea Clinton is a fan.

Who are the most surprising fans?

The grandmas and grandpas. People in the intelligence community who say, “You don’t know how right you’ve got it.”

“The X-Files” is also an Internet phenomenon. How often do you go online?

I’m on like 12 times a week, but I’m a surfer. I lurk.

Do chat types want romance between Mulder and Scully?

They do and they don’t. They want elements of it without them jumping into the sack. There are these “relationshippers” who kind of dominate the online chats. I’m a little dismayed because I don’t want to do a show about fuzzy warm Mulder and Scully. Never.

[At this point the subject begins looking nervous, as if an alien force had taken over his brain or, alternatively, as if he had a lot of work to do and couldn’t waste any more time with me. He says he and story editor frank Spotnitz have to meet with visual-effects editor Mat Beck to check out some alien discharge.]